VIDEO PRESENTATION FROM GROUP 9
Abstract
In recent years a combination of perceptions and fears of increased street crime and advances in technology has seen an upsurge in the use of closed circuit television (CCTV) as a tool in tackling crime in public places. Many private companies and a number of local government authorities have initiated trials in the use of CCTV, and the technology is also being used in a number of ways in the public transport system. Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the video cameras use to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast televisions is that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may be employ point to point (P2P), point to multipoint, or mesh wireless links. Though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, hotels, airports, military installations, convenience stores and many more places. Video telephony is seldom called "CCTV" but the use of video in distance education , where it is an important tool, is often so called. [1]
Introduction
A closed-circuit television system (CCTV) is used to transmit signals of a video surveillance camera to monitoring devices placed in a separate area. School districts use CCTV to monitor the activity on school campuses. Businesses use CCTV cameras to monitor the behaviour of employees. CCTV can also help retail establishments by providing protection against loss from theft [2]. CCTV camera system is being widely employed as a security system for surveillance in offices as well as homes. Not only in closed or private places, CCTV camera system extends as a security system in public and crowded places like traffic intersections, malls, shops, and so on. The monitoring devices view the captured images simultaneously, altogether or sequentially depending on the programming. The images can be observed in colour or in black and white while zoom lenses allow images to be observed in broad-view or close-up [3]. However, the use of CCTV surveillance is not without controversy. Each establishment must weigh the benefits and drawbacks to decide if CCTV is the right method of protection.
Advantages of CCTV
Protect Employees
Those who run a business can use CCTV to monitor the activities of their employees to ensure that they are performing their duties perfectly. In the same time, CCTV also can be used by employers to monitor their inventory like office supplies and store merchandise to make sure the employees are not stealing from the company. In the same time, CCTV also can be used by employers to monitor their inventory like office supplies and store merchandise to make sure the employees are not stealing from the company [4].
From other perception, customer service employees are often required to handle not satisfied or frustrated customers. Face-to-face interactions with an angry customer can put the customer service employee in physical danger. Therefore, CCTV cameras may save employees from harm by monitoring these volatile situations. They also serve as a deterrent from violent behaviour by these customers and at the same time increasing their confidence to work safely [5].
Reduced Insurance Premiums and Taxes
Video surveillance, Security cameras and allied systems can reduce insurance premiums over a long period depending on contracts drawn up with insurance companies and insurance agents. Public records of these systems can also protect insurance companies from false and fraudulent claims about thefts and robberies. Businesses can claim relevant tax deductions on the purchase of security camera and surveillance systems [6].
Crime Prevention
Today, the public used to being watched by surveillance technology in many commercial and semi-public establishments such as banks, convenience stores, and shopping malls. With increased the CCTV, more public order crime may come to the notice of police. Example of mechanism whereby CCTV has the potential to reduce crime is the cameras may be able to assist in the detection and arrest of offenders. This crime prevention mechanism requires that police can respond in a timely manner to any significant incidents identified by camera operators, and that the local criminal justice system can pursue the offenders’ conviction. This mechanism will work if incarcerated offenders are prevented from committing further crimes within the CCTV area (or other local area). The availability of local resources is therefore a factor in the success of this mechanism.
Moreover, CCTV can contribute in a detection role to prevent from crime. There are numerous examples of CCTV tapes aiding in an offender’s conviction. CCTV camera can also become evidence because it can help identify potential witnesses who might not otherwise come forward to police and it can record the crime incident and police respond rapidly and make an arrest within view of the camera (and the offender does not leave the sight of the camera). The potential to assist in police investigations may also drive offenders away from committing offences that take time, as they run a greater risk of capture. [7] Next, Video Surveillance can reduce fear of crime and feel safer, provided they actually know that they are being watched. It also can provide people with an increased sense of security and peace of mind, particularly in areas where the crime-rate is high.
“CCTV is a powerful crime-fighting tool … Police operational experience and various researches show that it deters and detects crime and helps secure convictions. It also reduces fear of crime. We remain committed to the use of CCTV in helping to make communities feel safer.”
— Lord Bach, Justice Minister, House of Lords Debate, June 2009 [8]
Lastly, According to The Scottish Office Central Research Unit (1999), around 3000 people were interviewed in the city centre and the two control areas nine months before and three and fifteen months after installation of the cameras were asked about how effective they thought street cameras were:
· 72% thought CCTV would prevent crime and disorder
· 81% thought it would be effective in catching perpetrators
· 79% thought it would make people feel they would be less likely to become victims of a crime. [9]
Place Management and Monitoring
CCTV can be used for general location management such as manage employee in company, used to look for children, to monitor traffic flow, public meetings and so on. It helps in continuous monitoring every day.
In an organization, CCTV can protect employees. In lots of jobs the employees are vulnerable to either physical or verbal attacks from the public. For example, when a customer has a complaint about your service, there are some doubts and you are not sure who’s in the wrong. Often, in stressful situations, customers will effect company reputation. If the employee knows they are being watched by CCTV camera, he or she will try to minimize these cases and stay calmly deal. Hence, the installation of CCTV cameras may help the employees escape this situation because the customers know very well that their conversations are recorded. Next, it is able to protect the employees against false allegations that might be common in some areas of business. In short, these cameras can help to provide some form of protection to the workers against the customers. [10]
Moreover, Installing a video surveillance system can help you keep eyes on the business while you are not on site and also can help prevent employee theft, fraud, injury, vandalism, trespassing and more at the workplace. Employee theft is a large problem for firms of all sizes, particularly small businesses where profit margins are often very meagre. It might provide helpful insights to the manager or owner as to how efficient the employees are with their work. It also provides protection against false allegations at work. The findings are based on research by Adrian Beck of the University of Leicester in Leicester, United Kingdom, employees commit fraud when a combination of the following three factors is present
1) A situational pressure (usually a financial need)
2) A perceived opportunity to commit and conceal a crime and
3) A way to rationalize the dishonest act [11]
Furthermore, CCTV greatly enhances the ability of a traffic control centre to deliver the above, bringing benefits to all road users by ensuring consistent journey times, improving the reliability of public transport and making the best use of the resources available. The traffic control cameras are used for traffic monitoring only and help us to assess the efficiency of the system and to make any necessary changes quickly. Also, during unusual circumstances such as a traffic accident, a significant breakdown on a busy road, or an event, the system operators can take control of signals and operate them manually from the control centre. This would be very difficult without the help of the cameras.
Disadvantages of CCTV
Diminish Privacy
Issued on culture of surveillance was issued because it have potential to diminish privacy. Two precedents are involved based on surveillances on criminal procedure to apply. Firstly on the seizure of an object in a plain view doctrine which does not involve the privacy’s intrusion. Secondly, the provision from oft-cited invoked when “actual expectation privacy is exhibited by a person” and the society is one from the expectation are ready to recognize it as reasonable. The issues on diminish privacy. The questions comes on the placement of CCTV cameras, with plain view provided intrudes the area of privacy. Analysis on privacy change, if the monitoring does by a person rather than security personnel or distribution across the internet which have wider access would be available. For example, report in 2007 from United Kingdom shows there are many CCTV who fail to achieve a privacy safeguard where it required namely posting sign age and protections as it against leaking feed to third parties. Even if the society CCTV monitors not looking as government’s agents, the privacy concerns are still questioning. [12]
Status of Person Monitoring
The risk on intended consequences of crime prevention should be look in two consideration. Firstly a negative behaviours may generated form the society CCTV and it leads to create a problem of perverse incentives. For example, the monitors may involve with voyeuristic behaviours stalking have potential to record it and make sells on the recording Secondly, the usage of CCTV monitors are utilize to do a criminals based on their observation while monitoring and have a targeted victims. Anyone who is responsible to do a monitoring has potential to do criminals based on advantages they have and the person also able to close their criminals in the power of monitoring. [13]
Lost Sense of Trust towards Others
Usage of CCTV caused the sense of trust to others where the application itself have own integrity. As a person has lost faith in other people to it will automatically affect the motion work. Minor offence committed by a person as a capital offence committed by another person. To rebuild the trust of others is not convenient. For it would take quite a long time. Though others came to believe again, but there is still a sense of doubt is every thing done. May also be blacklisted and lead someone difficult to get a good place in society, their impact limited to a lot of things done.
Conclusion
Ethics is the theory outlined to guide mankind. But we must understand that not all of the outlined theory can be applied in some situations. Sometimes a person is breaking ethics because he was very important to get the benefit of himself. The usage of CCTV itself have own pros and cons towards society. Moreover, not necessarily with the ethical will reap a good profit to the individual. Society look at the concept of universal laws come from the assumption that all rational beings will try to make good decisions and so rational in using CCTV are the ones that can be used in every culture and in every part of the world. Some examples of legal or ethical Kantian universal maxim are: do not lie, do not steal, do not kill, do not break promises, etc. There is no single book that lists all the maxims that exist but we should take very seriously maxims we know and do not break them.
References:
Date of extraction: 16-Nov 12
[2] [4] Jenny E. 2012. The Advantages of CCTV.
Date of extraction: 16-Nov 12
[3] [5] Jesse Lanclos. 2012. Advantages & Disadvantages of CCTV cameras.
Date of extraction: 16-Nov 12
[6] Pallab Dutta. 2012. Advantages What Are the Benefits of Surveillance Cameras?
Date of extraction: 16-Nov 12
[7] Ratcliffe, J. (2006). Center for Problem-Oriented Policing; Video Surveillance of Public Places. 2012.
Date of extraction: 14 November
[8] Public Policy Exchange. Reducing Crime and the Fear of Crime: The Future of CCTV in Community Safety. Internet: http://publicpolicyexchange.co.uk/events/AF10-PPE.php.
Date of extraction: 14 November 2012
[9] The Scottish Office Central Research Unit (1999). Crime And Criminal Justice Research Findings No 30. Internet: http://www.scotcrim.u-net.com/researchc2.htm.
Date of extraction: 14 November 2012
[10] Word System Inc. Benefits and Drawbacks of CCTV Cameras.
Date of extraction: 14 November 2012
[11]Moorthy, K. (2009).Preventing Employee Theft and Fraud. http://www.eurojournals.com/ejss_12_2_09.pdf
Date of extraction: 14 November 2012.
[12] [13] Citizen Monitors, CCTV, and the Internet: A Combination to Consider
Date of extraction: 14 November 2012
[14] Lost of trust
Date of extraction: 17 November 2012
[15] Ethical issues
Date of extraction: 17 November 2012
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